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- SiteLink #1 : https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-rhetoric/ - SiteLink #2 : http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/gorgias.html - Download #1 : Plato_1.jpg (63.8 KB), Download : 52
 - Download #2 : Plato__Phaedrus.pdf (136.0 KB), Download : 51

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https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/joel.wallenberg/ContextsJoelGeoff/meno.pdf
Plato (427–347 BC) famously outlined the differences between true and false rhetoric in a number of dialogues; particularly the Gorgias and Phaedrus dialogues wherein Plato disputes the sophistic notion that the art of persuasion (the sophists' art, which he calls "rhetoric"), can exist independent of the art of dialectic. Plato claims that since sophists appeal only to what seems probable, they are not advancing their students and audiences, but simply flattering them with what they want to hear. While Plato's condemnation of rhetoric is clear in the Gorgias, in the Phaedrus he suggests the possibility of a true art wherein rhetoric is based upon the knowledge produced by dialectic, and relies on a dialectically informed rhetoric to appeal to the main character, Phaedrus, to take up philosophy. Thus Plato's rhetoric is actually dialectic (or philosophy) "turned" toward those who are not yet philosophers and are thus unready to pursue dialectic directly. Plato's animosity against rhetoric, and against the sophists, derives not only from their inflated claims to teach virtue and their reliance on appearances, but from the fact that his teacher, Socrates, was sentenced to death after sophists' efforts.
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Plato on Rhetoric and Poetry
First published Mon Dec 22, 2003; substantive revision Thu Feb 4, 2016
Plato's discussions of rhetoric and poetry are both extensive and influential. As in so many other cases, he sets the agenda for the subsequent tradition. And yet understanding his remarks about each of these topics—rhetoric and poetry—presents us with significant philosophical and interpretive challenges. Further, it is not initially clear why he links the two topics together so closely (he suggests that poetry is a kind of rhetoric). Plato certainly thought that matters of the greatest importance hang in the balance, as is clear from the famous statement that ¡°there is an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry¡± (Republic, 607b5–6). In his dialogues, both this quarrel and the related quarrel between philosophy and rhetoric amount to clashes between comprehensive world-views—those of philosophy on the one hand, and of poetry or rhetoric on the other. What are these quarrels about? What does Plato mean by ¡°poetry¡± and ¡°rhetoric¡±? The purpose of this article is to analyze his discussions of rhetoric and poetry as they are presented in four dialogues: the Ion, the Republic, the Gorgias, and the Phaedrus. Plato is (perhaps paradoxically) known for the poetic and rhetoric qualities of his own writings, a fact which will also be discussed in what follows.
1. Introduction
2. Ion
3. Republic, Books II, III, X
3.1 Republic II
3.2 Republic III
3.3 Republic X
3.4 Concluding Observations about the Republic's ¡°quarrel¡±
4. Gorgias
5. Phaedrus
5.1 Rhetoric in the Phaedrus
5.2 Rhapsodes, Inspiration, and Poetry in the Phaedrus
6. Plato's Dialogues as Rhetoric and Poetry
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