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영어 저널) About Hospitalism in Autism
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2024-08-21 04:14:47, 조회 : 58, 추천 : 13 |
- SiteLink #1 : https://blogs.uoregon.edu/autismhistoryproject/topics/hospitalism/
- Download #1 : Bakwin_Lonliness_in_Infants_fig_4_1q487ea.jpg (247.9 KB), Download : 5
Hospitalism (Link 1 전문)
Hospitalism came first, before autism. Studies of the former during the 1930s made it possible to see the latter in the decades that followed. Hospitalism ultimately became shorthand for the harm that long-term institutional care did to children. The people who documented that harm helped to forge a new consensus about human development. Particular emotional attachments early in life were critical to making children normal.
In orphanages and infant asylums, hospital-like institutions that gave hospitalism its name, researchers and clinicians observed a host of autistic-like behaviors in young children, from listlessness and indifference to wasting and rocking. These dangers, often revealed in the earliest weeks and months of life, were unrelated to poor sanitation, malnutrition, or epidemic disease, menaces clearly linked to high rates of infant and child mortality. Children suffering from hospitalism could be well nourished, clean, and free from infection. They might even have access to the most advanced technologies available in neonatal and pediatric hospital care. Yet they displayed disturbing signs. Hospitalism encouraged researchers to interpret development as an uneven process that combined normal and abnormal. That made it possible for infants with healthy bodies to face significant cognitive risks and inspired the earliest sustained attention to emotional development in infancy. Hospitalism made conditions like autism and developmental disability imaginable.
Hospitalism was not new in the twentieth century. Suspicions that hospital buildings might actually spread rather than contain or cure disease date to late eighteenth-century Europe and many nineteenth-century health reformers constructed buildings they hoped would minimize or eliminate early versions of “sick building syndrome.” By 1900, however, hospitalism had shifted attention from the spatial design of hospitals to their social organization. In 1897, pediatrician Floyd Crandall described hospitalism as “a very definite and grave condition,” “more deadly than pneumonia or diphtheria.” Hospitalism caused babies in modern and comfortable institutional surroundings to pine away. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, the term remained in constant use. Other terms were also used: “affect hunger,” “anaclitic depression,” “failure to thrive.” “Loneliness in infants” was the most poignantly descriptive phrase of all.
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